| rdfs:comment
| - Pardo, que se refiere, dado el mestizaje en América, a los descendientes de esclavos africanos que se mezclaron con europeos e indígenas para formar una gente que no era ni mestiza ni mulata. Desde el siglo XVII se utilizaba para identificar un color de piel, que no necesariamente era oscuro. Los rasgos físicos de pardos variaban entre sí, pudiendo tener piel castaña oscura o casi blanca, o un color intermedio. El pelo podía ser rizado, liso o de cualquier otra textura, y de cualquier color. (es)
- Pardos (feminine pardas) is a term used in the former Portuguese and Spanish colonies in the Americas to refer to the triracial descendants of Southern Europeans, Amerindians and West Africans. In some places they were defined as neither exclusively mestizo (Amerindian-South European descent), nor mulatto (West African-Southern European descent), nor zambo (Amerindian-West African descent). In colonial Mexico, pardo "became virtually synonymous with mulatto, thereby losing much of its Indigenous referencing". In the eighteenth century, pardo might have been the preferred label for blackness. Unlike negro, pardo had no association with slavery. Casta paintings from eighteenth-century Mexico use the label negro, never pardo, to identify Africans paired with Spaniards. (en)
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| has abstract
| - Pardo, que se refiere, dado el mestizaje en América, a los descendientes de esclavos africanos que se mezclaron con europeos e indígenas para formar una gente que no era ni mestiza ni mulata. Desde el siglo XVII se utilizaba para identificar un color de piel, que no necesariamente era oscuro. Los rasgos físicos de pardos variaban entre sí, pudiendo tener piel castaña oscura o casi blanca, o un color intermedio. El pelo podía ser rizado, liso o de cualquier otra textura, y de cualquier color. (es)
- Pardos (feminine pardas) is a term used in the former Portuguese and Spanish colonies in the Americas to refer to the triracial descendants of Southern Europeans, Amerindians and West Africans. In some places they were defined as neither exclusively mestizo (Amerindian-South European descent), nor mulatto (West African-Southern European descent), nor zambo (Amerindian-West African descent). In colonial Mexico, pardo "became virtually synonymous with mulatto, thereby losing much of its Indigenous referencing". In the eighteenth century, pardo might have been the preferred label for blackness. Unlike negro, pardo had no association with slavery. Casta paintings from eighteenth-century Mexico use the label negro, never pardo, to identify Africans paired with Spaniards. In Brazil, the word pardo has had a general meaning since the beginning of the colonisation. In the famous letter by Pêro Vaz de Caminha, for example, in which Brazil was first described by the Portuguese, the Amerindians were called "pardo": "Pardo, naked, without clothing". The word has ever since been used to cover: African/South European mixes, South Asian/South European mixes, Amerindian/South European/South Asian/African mixes and Amerindians themselves. For example, Diogo de Vasconcelos, a widely known historian from Minas Gerais, mentions the story of Andresa de Castilhos. According to 18th-century accounts, Andresa de Castilhos was described by the following: "I declare that Andresa de Castilhos, parda woman ... has been freed ... is a descendant of the native gentiles of the land ... I declare that Andresa de Castilhos is the daughter of a white man and a (Christian) neophyte (Indigenous) woman". The historian Maria Leônia Chaves de Resende says that the word pardo was used to classify people with partial or full Amerindian ancestry. A Manoel, natural son of Ana carijó, was baptised as a 'pardo'; in Campanha several Amerindians were classified as 'pardo'; the Amerindian João Ferreira, Joana Rodriges and Andreza Pedrosa, for example, were described as 'freed pardo'; a Damaso identifies as a 'freed pardo' of the ''native of the land''; etc. According to Chaves de Resende, the growth of the pardo population in Brazil includes the descendants of Amerindian and not only those of African descent: "the growth of the 'pardo' segment had not only to do with the descendants of Africans, but also with the descendants of the Amerindian, in particular the carijós and bastards, included in the condition of 'pardo'". The American historian Muriel Nazzari in 2001 noted that the "pardo" category has absorbed those persons of Amerindian descent in the records of São Paulo: "This paper seeks to demonstrate that, though many Indians and mestizos did migrate, those who remained in São Paulo came to be classified as pardos." (en)
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