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A Hoftag (pl. Hoftage) was the name given to an informal and irregular assembly convened by the King of the Romans, the Holy Roman Emperor or one of the Princes of the Empire, with selected chief princes within the empire. Early scholarship also refers to these meetings as imperial diets (Reichstage), even though these gatherings were not really about the empire in general, but with matters concerning their individual rulers. In fact, the legal institution of the imperial diet appeared much later.

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  • Hoftag (de)
  • Hoftag (fr)
  • Hoftag (en)
  • Hoftag (it)
  • 궁중의회 (ko)
  • Hofdag (nl)
  • Hovdag (sv)
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  • Als Hoftag bezeichnet man die formlosen und unregelmäßig stattfindenden Versammlungen des römisch-deutschen Königs bzw. Kaisers mit ausgewählten Großen des Heiligen Römischen Reiches. Die ältere Forschung bezeichnet auch diese Treffen als Reichstage, obwohl sich die Treffen nicht abstrakt auf das Reich bezogen, sondern konkret auf den jeweiligen Herrscher. (de)
  • Le Hoftag est le rassemblement informel et irrégulier du roi ou de l'empereur germano-romain avec des nobles choisis du Saint Empire romain. La recherche la plus ancienne se réfère à ces réunions sous le nom de Reichstag , bien que les réunions ne soient pas liées de manière abstraite au Reich, mais spécifiquement au dirigeant respectif. (fr)
  • 궁중의회(독일어: Hoftag 호프탁[*])는 신성로마제국에서 신성로마황제 또는 각 제후들의 궁정에서 소집되던 비공식적이고 비정기적인 통치회의다. (ko)
  • A Hoftag (pl. Hoftage) was the name given to an informal and irregular assembly convened by the King of the Romans, the Holy Roman Emperor or one of the Princes of the Empire, with selected chief princes within the empire. Early scholarship also refers to these meetings as imperial diets (Reichstage), even though these gatherings were not really about the empire in general, but with matters concerning their individual rulers. In fact, the legal institution of the imperial diet appeared much later. (en)
  • Un Hoftag (al plurale Hoftage) era il nome dato a un'assemblea informale e irregolare convocata dal re dei Romani, dal Sacro Romano Imperatore o da uno dei principi dell'Impero, con principi selezionati all'interno dell'impero. Ciò si riferisce anche agli incontri come diete imperiali (Reichstage), anche se questi incontri non riguardavano davvero l'impero in generale, ma le questioni riguardanti i loro singoli sovrani. In effetti, l'istituzione in forma legale della dieta imperiale apparve molto più tardi. (it)
  • Een Hofdag of Hoftag (mv. Hoftage) was de naam gegeven aan een informele en onregelmatige vergadering bijeengeroepen door de koning van Duitsland, de keizer van het Heilige Roomse Rijk van de Duitse Natie of een van de prinsen van het Keizerrijk, met geselecteerde belangrijkste prinsen binnen het rijk. De Hoftage waren een eerste vorm van keizerlijke Rijksdagen (Reichstage), hoewel deze eerste bijeenkomsten niet echt vertegenwoordigers van het rijk in het algemeen verzamelden, maar zich eerder beperkten tot besprekingen met een beperktere groep individuele heersers. In feite, verscheen de wettelijke instelling van de Rijksdagen veel later. (nl)
  • Hovdag var en politisk sammankomst av feodal karaktär mellan kung och stormän. Hovdagen förekom i Sverige under 1200-talet och början av 1300-talet och kan betraktas som föregångare till senare tiders ständermöten. (sv)
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  • Als Hoftag bezeichnet man die formlosen und unregelmäßig stattfindenden Versammlungen des römisch-deutschen Königs bzw. Kaisers mit ausgewählten Großen des Heiligen Römischen Reiches. Die ältere Forschung bezeichnet auch diese Treffen als Reichstage, obwohl sich die Treffen nicht abstrakt auf das Reich bezogen, sondern konkret auf den jeweiligen Herrscher. (de)
  • A Hoftag (pl. Hoftage) was the name given to an informal and irregular assembly convened by the King of the Romans, the Holy Roman Emperor or one of the Princes of the Empire, with selected chief princes within the empire. Early scholarship also refers to these meetings as imperial diets (Reichstage), even though these gatherings were not really about the empire in general, but with matters concerning their individual rulers. In fact, the legal institution of the imperial diet appeared much later. From the feudal obligation of chief princes to stand by the king's side in word and deed, a consequent duty was derived by the time of the High Middle Ages to appear in person, at the request of the king, at royal assemblies in order to offer counsel and participate in decision-making. This was the so-called court attendance duty (Hoffahrtspflicht). The assemblies themselves were given various names in the different sources, such as parlamentum, conventus, colloquium, curia or curia regis. All these terms could be qualified with adjectives such as solemnis ("ceremonial") or magnus ("great") in order to clarify their nature. The Hoftag differed from the usual counsel meetings of the royal court essentially only in the additional participation of those invited. These could be princes, members of the nobility, prelates or representatives of foreign powers. From the 13th century, representatives of the free imperial cities were also invited to Hoftage. The assemblies were organised along the lines of a royal court meeting (Hofhaltung) and were firmly focussed on the king. When the king held such assemblies and whom he invited was entirely at his discretion. Hence, a distinction between the counsel given by the princes and their legal consent to a decision is difficult to make. However, it was from their obligation to advise the king, that the right soon emerged for the princes to be consulted on important matters concerning the empire, such as the declaration of an imperial military campaign. Exactly which matters the king had to be advised on and seek the approval of the princes seems to have been largely at the discretion of the king, so the Hoftage certainly cannot be viewed as an institutionalized joint exercise of power by the princes. Documents of the High and Late Middle Ages containing important policy decisions or orders concerning imperial estates emphasize that the decisions were made with the "advice" and "consent" of the princes. Both terms are used in such documents synonymously from a legal point of view. Those princes who were not invited or who found themselves in opposition to the king, did not, however, feel bound by the decisions of the Hoftage. Following the Great Interregnum of the 13th century, the role of the prince electors increased, since only they had the role of princes of the empire and gave their formal acceptance to royal decrees about imperial matters through so-called letters of consent (Willebriefe). But even here, no obligation is discernible on the part of king to call for such letters in his regulations. In the wake of the decline of the kingdom to its respective allodial estates at the end of the 14th century and the general weakness at the time of its count-kings (Grafenkönige), "kingless assemblies" (Königlose Tage) gained increasing importance. At these gatherings, the principal rulers in the empire held counsel. Only rarely were Hoftage now called. From these kingless assemblies emerged the legal institution of the Imperial Diet at the end of the 15th century. (en)
  • Le Hoftag est le rassemblement informel et irrégulier du roi ou de l'empereur germano-romain avec des nobles choisis du Saint Empire romain. La recherche la plus ancienne se réfère à ces réunions sous le nom de Reichstag , bien que les réunions ne soient pas liées de manière abstraite au Reich, mais spécifiquement au dirigeant respectif. (fr)
  • Een Hofdag of Hoftag (mv. Hoftage) was de naam gegeven aan een informele en onregelmatige vergadering bijeengeroepen door de koning van Duitsland, de keizer van het Heilige Roomse Rijk van de Duitse Natie of een van de prinsen van het Keizerrijk, met geselecteerde belangrijkste prinsen binnen het rijk. De Hoftage waren een eerste vorm van keizerlijke Rijksdagen (Reichstage), hoewel deze eerste bijeenkomsten niet echt vertegenwoordigers van het rijk in het algemeen verzamelden, maar zich eerder beperkten tot besprekingen met een beperktere groep individuele heersers. In feite, verscheen de wettelijke instelling van de Rijksdagen veel later. Initieel, ten tijde van Karel de Grote werden tot drie Hoftage per jaar georganiseerd. Hofdagen spelen een belangrijke rol in meerdere epische verhalen als Van den vos Reynaerde, Karel ende Elegast en Renaud de Monteban. (nl)
  • 궁중의회(독일어: Hoftag 호프탁[*])는 신성로마제국에서 신성로마황제 또는 각 제후들의 궁정에서 소집되던 비공식적이고 비정기적인 통치회의다. (ko)
  • Un Hoftag (al plurale Hoftage) era il nome dato a un'assemblea informale e irregolare convocata dal re dei Romani, dal Sacro Romano Imperatore o da uno dei principi dell'Impero, con principi selezionati all'interno dell'impero. Ciò si riferisce anche agli incontri come diete imperiali (Reichstage), anche se questi incontri non riguardavano davvero l'impero in generale, ma le questioni riguardanti i loro singoli sovrani. In effetti, l'istituzione in forma legale della dieta imperiale apparve molto più tardi. Dall'obbligo feudale dei principi principali di stare al fianco del re con consigli e azioni, derivò nel Pieno Medioevo il dovere di apparire di persona, su richiesta del re, alle assemblee reali per consigliare e partecipare al processo decisionale. Questo era il cosiddetto "dovere di presenza giudiziaria" (Hoffahrtspflicht). Alle assemblee stesse furono dati vari nomi nelle diverse fonti, come parlamentum, conventus, colloqium, curia o curia regis. Tutti questi termini potevano essere qualificati con aggettivi come solemnis ("cerimoniale") o magnus ("grande") al fine di chiarire la loro natura. L'Hoftag differiva dalle solite riunioni di consiglio della corte reale essenzialmente solo nella partecipazione aggiuntiva di invitati: questi potevano essere principi, membri della nobiltà, prelati o rappresentanti di potenze straniere. A partire dal XIII secolo, anche i rappresentanti delle città libere dell'impero furono invitati all'Hoftag. Le assemblee furono organizzate sulla falsariga di una riunione della corte reale (Hofhaltung) e si concentravano sul re. Quando il re teneva tali assemblee, poteva invitare chiunque, a sua discrezione: è quindi difficile fare una distinzione netta tra il consiglio dato dai principi e il loro consenso legale a una decisione. Tuttavia fu dal loro obbligo di avvisare il re che presto emerse il diritto di consultare i principi su questioni importanti riguardanti l'impero, come la decisione di intraprendere una campagna militare imperiale. Nonostante questo apparente contrattualismo, in realtà la materia su cui il re voleva essere consigliato e ciò che voleva approvare dai principi erano scelti a discrezione del re, quindi l'Hoftag non può certamente essere visto come un esercizio istituzionalmente congiunto del potere da parte dei principi. Augusta 1282: Hoftag del re Rodolfo I d'Asburgo. Medaglia d'argento di , dritto. 600º anniversario della monarchia asburgica, 1882. I documenti medioevali, contenenti importanti decisioni politiche o ordini riguardanti le proprietà imperiali, sottolineano che le decisioni erano state prese con il "consiglio" e il "consenso" dei principi. Entrambi i termini sono usati in tali documenti come sinonimi dal punto di vista legale. Quei principi che non furono invitati o che si trovavano in opposizione al re, tuttavia, non si sentirono vincolati dalle decisioni dell'Hoftag. In seguito al Grande Interregno del XIII secolo l'importanza dei principi dell'impero aumentò, poiché divenne necessaria la loro accettazione formale ai decreti reali sulle questioni imperiali, attraverso le cosiddette "lettere di consenso" (in tedesco Willebriefe). Ma anche in questo caso, nessun obbligo è percepibile da parte del re nel chiedere tali lettere nei suoi regolamenti. Sulla scia del declino del regno nei rispettivi stati allodiali alla fine del XIV secolo e della debolezza generale al tempo dei suoi re-conte (Grafenkönige), le "assemblee senza re" (Königlose Tage) acquisirono un'importanza crescente. In queste riunioni, i principi più potenti dell'impero, su tutti i principi elettori, tenevano dei propri consigli: solo di rado queste venivano chiamate Hoftage. Da queste assemblee senza re emerse l'istituzione legale della dieta imperiale alla fine del XV secolo. (it)
  • Hovdag var en politisk sammankomst av feodal karaktär mellan kung och stormän. Hovdagen förekom i Sverige under 1200-talet och början av 1300-talet och kan betraktas som föregångare till senare tiders ständermöten. Vid 1200-talets mitt var hovdagar ett verksamt författningsorgan i både Danmark och i Sverige, där den dock endast sällsynt nämns i källmaterialet. Förebilden till denna mötesform har hämtats från de feodalt mera utvecklade statsbildningarna på kontinenten och i England, där kungamakten från 1000-talet brukade inkalla sina vasaller till hovet för att få deras samtycke till viktigare beslut. Hovdagarna var i allmänhet knutna till större kyrkliga högtider, och deltagandet var för vasallerna inte en rätt utan en skyldighet. Ur detta länshov utkristalliserades i Skandinavien liksom i de flesta andra europeiska länder under 1200-talets senare hälft en mera permanent rådsinstitution. Deltagarna i hovdagar, vilka i källorna nämns som rikets stormän, var biskoparna, de hertigliga förläningstagarna och andra världsliga stormän, vilka varit knutna till kungamakten genom . Hovdagens viktigaste författningsrättsliga betydelse ligger i att den på lagstiftningens och rättskipningens område gjort kungamakten mindre beroende av landskapsförvaltningen och främjat uppkomsten av en självständig kunglig rikslagstiftning. Medan den svenska hovdagen fram till 1280-talet visar en i hög grad parallell utveckling med den danska, följer de båda institutionerna efter denna tid olika utvecklingslinjer. I Danmark blev hovdagen i fortsättningen det författningsorgan, genom vilket stormannaklassen avkrävde kungen räkenskap för hans styrelse, men i Sverige lyckades Magnus Birgersson bevara hovdagens monarkiska karaktär genom bestämmelsen i Skänningestadgan 1284, där endast kungens brev eller bud medförde rätt till deltagande. Med kungamaktens politiska nederlag 1317—19 bröts emellertid denna utveckling. Efter 1320-talet synes mötesformen ha spelat ut sin roll. Dess försvinnande torde sammanhänga dels med att kungamakten försvagades, dels med att stormannaklassen vid denna tid skaffade sig ett avgörande inflytande på rådsinstitutionens statsrättsliga utformning. Hovdagen ersattes av rådsmötet, som under lång tid framåt blev det organ, genom vilket aristokratin utövade sitt inflytande på riksstyrelsen. (sv)
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