. "Une miniature est une peinture figur\u00E9e ind\u00E9pendante, non attach\u00E9e \u00E0 une initiale, servant \u00E0 enluminer un livre, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement manuscrit, et destin\u00E9e \u00E0 illustrer le texte."@fr . "51403"^^ . "\uC138\uBC00\uD654\uB294 \uC138\uBC00\uD55C \uBB18\uBC95\uC73C\uB85C \uC81C\uC791\uB41C \uC18C\uD615\uC758 \uADF8\uB9BC\uC774\uB2E4. 16\uC138\uAE30 \uC601\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC720\uD589\uD55C \uBA54\uB2EC \uCD08\uC0C1\uD654, \uCE74\uB4DC\uC758 \uADF8\uB9BC, 18\uC138\uAE30 \uB85C\uCF54\uCF54\uC758 \uBD80\uC778\uC6A9 \uD654\uC7A5\uC6A9\uAD6C\uC5D0 \uADF8\uB9B0 \uADF8\uB9BC \uB4F1\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4. \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uBBF8\uB2C8\uC5B4\uCC98\uC758 \uC5ED\uC5B4(\u8B6F\u8A9E)\uB85C \uB9CE\uC774 \uC4F0\uC774\uB098, \uC0AC\uBCF8\uC744 \uC7A5\uC2DD\uD558\uB294 \uC0BD\uD654\uB098 \uC7A5\uC2DD\uD654\uB97C \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uB294 \uBBF8\uB2C8\uC5B4\uCC98\uC640 \uB9D0\uB73B\uC774 \uB2E4\uB974\uB2E4. \uBBF8\uB2C8\uC5B4\uCC98\uB294 16\uC138\uAE30 \uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4\uC758 \uBBF8\uB2C8\uBA48(minimum, \uCD5C\uC18C)\uC774\uB098 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC5B4\uC758 \uBBF8\uB1FD(mignon, \uC18C\uD615\uC758, \uADC0\uC5EC\uC6B4)\uACFC \uACB0\uD569\uB418\uC5B4 \uC18C\uD654\uC0C1, \uBBF8\uC138\uD654 \uC989 \uC138\uBC00\uD654\uB77C\uB294 \uC758\uBBF8\uB97C \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uBB38\uC11C\uC5D0\uB294 \uB2E4\uC74C\uCEE4\uBBA4\uB2C8\uCF00\uC774\uC158(\uD604 \uCE74\uCE74\uC624)\uC5D0\uC11C GFDL \uB610\uB294 CC-SA \uB77C\uC774\uC120\uC2A4\uB85C \uBC30\uD3EC\uD55C \uAE00\uB85C\uBC8C \uC138\uACC4\uB300\uBC31\uACFC\uC0AC\uC804\uC758 \uB0B4\uC6A9\uC744 \uAE30\uCD08\uB85C \uC791\uC131\uB41C \uAE00\uC774 \uD3EC\uD568\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uC2B5\uB2C8\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0645\u0646\u0645\u0646\u0645\u0629"@ar . . "928523"^^ . . "A pintura da Idade M\u00E9dia pode ser considerada sob tr\u00EAs formas distintas segundo o fim a que se destina, pelas dimens\u00F5es e pela t\u00E9cnica: pintura de manuscritos (pictura codicum); pintura a fresco (pictura in pariete); e pintura em t\u00E1bua (pictura in tabula). A miniatura ou iluminura (termos que podem ser empregados indistintamente) tem por objetivo a ilustra\u00E7\u00E3o de livros; a pintura a fresco a decora\u00E7\u00E3o de edif\u00EDcios; e a pintura em t\u00E1bua, pela sua natureza essencialmente m\u00F3vel, destina-se a este ou \u00E0quele lugar. Quanto \u00E0s dimens\u00F5es, a miniatura \u00E9 uma pintura em ponto pequeno, reduzida \u00E0s propor\u00E7\u00F5es de uma inicial ou de uma vinheta e que, em nenhum caso, ultrapassa o formato de um in-f\u00F3lio. A pintura mural atinge propor\u00E7\u00F5es monumentais, cobrindo, por vezes, paredes de muitos metros quadrados. "@pt . . . . . . . . . . "A pintura da Idade M\u00E9dia pode ser considerada sob tr\u00EAs formas distintas segundo o fim a que se destina, pelas dimens\u00F5es e pela t\u00E9cnica: pintura de manuscritos (pictura codicum); pintura a fresco (pictura in pariete); e pintura em t\u00E1bua (pictura in tabula). A miniatura ou iluminura (termos que podem ser empregados indistintamente) tem por objetivo a ilustra\u00E7\u00E3o de livros; a pintura a fresco a decora\u00E7\u00E3o de edif\u00EDcios; e a pintura em t\u00E1bua, pela sua natureza essencialmente m\u00F3vel, destina-se a este ou \u00E0quele lugar. Quanto \u00E0s dimens\u00F5es, a miniatura \u00E9 uma pintura em ponto pequeno, reduzida \u00E0s propor\u00E7\u00F5es de uma inicial ou de uma vinheta e que, em nenhum caso, ultrapassa o formato de um in-f\u00F3lio. A pintura mural atinge propor\u00E7\u00F5es monumentais, cobrindo, por vezes, paredes de muitos metros quadrados. A pintura em t\u00E1bua \u00E9 o meio termo entre as duas e pode ir do pequeno orat\u00F3rio ao grande ret\u00E1bulo de altar. A t\u00E9cnica \u00E9 um terceiro elemento que distingue as tr\u00EAs modalidades da pintura medieval. A miniatura e o fresco adotam o processo da pintura \u00E0 base de \u00E1gua: guache ou t\u00EAmpera, ao passo que a pintura de quadros de cavalete emprega a tinta a \u00F3leo, a partir do s\u00E9culo XV. O estudo da pintura da Idade M\u00E9dia mostra que a miniatura (ou iluminura) precedeu muitos s\u00E9culos a pintura a \u00F3leo. A miniatura pode simplesmente designar uma pintura figurativa independente, n\u00E3o ligada a uma letra inicial no \u00E2mbito de uma iluminura de um livro, e geralmente \u00E9 destinada a ilustrar o texto. O termo \u00E9 tamb\u00E9m empregado para denominar retratos pintados sobre pequenas placas de marfim. No contexto hist\u00F3rico, \u00E9 importante entender a origem dos termos miniatura e iluminura com que se designa indistintamente a ornamenta\u00E7\u00E3o policroma dos velhos pergaminhos e dos in-f\u00F3lios manuscritos. O termo miniatura designando uma pintura de pequenas dimens\u00F5es, executada a guache sobre pergaminho acompanhando o texto, \u00E9 completamente estranho \u00E0 linguagem da Idade M\u00E9dia. Somente aparece na Fran\u00E7a no fim do s\u00E9culo XVI e passava ainda por neologismos na It\u00E1lia no s\u00E9c. XVII, segundo Leonne Allaci que escrevia na sua obra \"De Libris Eclesiasticis Graecorum\" , publicado em Paris, em 1645, o seguinte: Picturam (codicum manuscriptorum) recentiores miniaturam vocant. A palavra miniatura deriva do latim minium, cor de sulfeto de merc\u00FArio, chamado tamb\u00E9m cin\u00E1brio ou vermelh\u00E3o que se usava para destacar as iniciais dos manuscritos. Como pouco a pouco se come\u00E7aram a introduzir figuras e mesmo pequenas cenas dentro das iniciais tra\u00E7adas a minium, passou a se aplicar a tais pinturas o nome de miniatura. A ansiedade de uma exuberante decora\u00E7\u00E3o dos manuscritos n\u00E3o deixou que a arte seguisse com t\u00E3o poucos recursos. Descobre-se assim a aplica\u00E7\u00E3o nas folhas pergamin\u00E1ceas do ouro em p\u00F3 ou em l\u00E2mina, da prata e de cores do g\u00EAnero do guache. Chega-se assim a aut\u00EAntica arte de iluminar, Ars Iluminandi, pois esses ornatos policromos e brilhantes eram como a luz e a ilumina\u00E7\u00E3o. Foi esta a origem metaf\u00F3rica da palavra iluminura."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Buchmalerei"@de . "Miniatura"@es . . . . . . "Miniature (enluminure)"@fr . . "Maler der Geschichte von Bay\u00E2d und Riy\u00E2d 002.jpg"@en . "En los manuscritos y libros ilustrados de la Edad Media, las miniaturas (del lat\u00EDn miniare,\u200B \u201Ccolorear con minia\u201D) o iluminaciones (del lat\u00EDn tard\u00EDo illuminatio)\u200B eran pinturas o dibujos de figuras, incluidas o no en escenas o composiciones, las cuales, en su caso, representaban diversos temas propios de su etapa hist\u00F3rica, como los temas de car\u00E1cter sacro, similares a los que llenaban los vitrales de las catedrales e iglesias en el arte rom\u00E1nico y en el primer arte g\u00F3tico. Al final del periodo g\u00F3tico, ya en el umbral del Renacimiento o Edad Moderna, los manuscritos ilustrados se llenan de temas civiles, profanos y galantes, y alcanzan su mayor apogeo con un nivel de calidad excelente y una amplia difusi\u00F3n internacional, principalmente a trav\u00E9s de las cortes de la nobleza europea. A partir del siglo XVI, el auge de la imprenta parece restar protagonismo a este tipo de costosas creaciones. El \u00FAltimo gran maestro iluminador fue Giulio Clovio, a mediados del siglo XVI. En los m\u00E1rgenes de las p\u00E1ginas de los manuscritos era frecuente que se incluyeran distintos motivos ornamentales. Los m\u00E1s conocidos son los dibujos que realzan las letras capitales o los que separan las columnas de texto mediante motivos que representan arquitecturas fingidas, arabescos y tallos y hojas que se enroscan por los m\u00E1rgenes de las p\u00E1ginas. El t\u00E9rmino miniatura deriva de minium, un \u00F3xido de plomo de color rojo que se utilizaba como componente de la tinta fundamental que se comenz\u00F3 a emplear para la iluminaci\u00F3n de los c\u00F3dices manuscritos en letras capitales, m\u00E1rgenes y posteriormente, con la evoluci\u00F3n de la ilustraci\u00F3n medieval, en representaciones de gran colorido y complejas composiciones."@es . . . . . . "Miniatura edo edertzapena margolan txikia da; bereziki, paperean eta pergaminoetan eskuizkribuak apaintzeko egiten zen ilustrazioa. Inprimeria asmatu eta zabaldu zenean galdu zen eskuizkribuak miniaturaz apaintzeko ohitura. XVI. mendetik aurrera, jende ospetsuaren miniatura-erretratuak margotzeko ohitura zabaldu zen, dominetan agertzeko batez ere. Miniaturagilerik ezagunak izan dira Jean Clouet Frantzian, Estatu Batuetan Sarah eta ahizpak, Ingalaterran Nicholas Hilliard eta , Alemanian Hans Holbein Gaztea eta Lucas Cranach Zaharra, eta Espainian eta ."@eu . . . . "Miniatura edo edertzapena margolan txikia da; bereziki, paperean eta pergaminoetan eskuizkribuak apaintzeko egiten zen ilustrazioa. Inprimeria asmatu eta zabaldu zenean galdu zen eskuizkribuak miniaturaz apaintzeko ohitura. XVI. mendetik aurrera, jende ospetsuaren miniatura-erretratuak margotzeko ohitura zabaldu zen, dominetan agertzeko batez ere. Miniaturagilerik ezagunak izan dira Jean Clouet Frantzian, Estatu Batuetan Sarah eta ahizpak, Ingalaterran Nicholas Hilliard eta , Alemanian Hans Holbein Gaztea eta Lucas Cranach Zaharra, eta Espainian eta ."@eu . . . . . . . . . "Various examples of pages from Arabic illuminated manuscripts."@en . . . . . "Una miniatura \u00E8 la pittura ornamentale con cui venivano decorati i manoscritti e i libri antichi.In origine il termine aveva un significato pi\u00F9 ristretto: la miniatura era l'immagine realizzata per decorare le lettere iniziali dei capitoli in un manoscritto, tradizionalmente di colore rosso. Il termine deriva verosimilmente dal latino minium, un particolare minerale dal quale si ricavava il colore rosso. A partire dal XIV secolo, il diffondersi di illustrazioni di piccolo formato fece s\u00EC che il significato di \"miniatura\" passasse ad indicare dipinti, oggetti e forme di dimensioni ridotte. Oltre al vocabolo \u201Cminiatura\u201D esiste in italiano anche il termine meno utilizzato di alluminatura o illuminatura (molto simili ai termini francese e inglese per miniatura, che sono rispettivamente enluminure e illumination): si suppone che derivi dai colori luminosi e vibranti che risaltano sulla pagina scritta, ma non ci sono fonti al riguardo. Franco Brunello rimanda invece all'allume, chiamato nel Medioevo lume, che veniva mescolato ai coloranti come legante per ottenere lacche."@it . . . . . . . . "Une miniature est une peinture figur\u00E9e ind\u00E9pendante, non attach\u00E9e \u00E0 une initiale, servant \u00E0 enluminer un livre, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement manuscrit, et destin\u00E9e \u00E0 illustrer le texte."@fr . "\uC138\uBC00\uD654"@ko . . . . "\u30DF\u30CB\u30A2\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30EB\uFF08\u4ECF\uFF1Aminiature\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u5F69\u753B\uFF08\u3055\u3044\u304C\uFF09\u30FB\u7D30\u5BC6\u753B\uFF08\u3055\u3044\u307F\u3064\u304C\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u53E4\u4EE3\u30FB\u4E2D\u4E16\u306E\u7D75\u4ED8\u304D\u5199\u672C\u306B\u53CE\u9332\u3055\u308C\u305F\u633F\u7D75\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u8A9E\u6E90\u306F\u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u8A9E\u306Eminium\uFF08\u925B\u4E39\uFF09\u3002\u521D\u671F\u306E\u5199\u672C\u306E\u8D64\u8272\u30A4\u30F3\u30AF\u306B\u925B\u4E39\u304C\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3061\u306A\u3080\u3002\u4E2D\u4E16\u306E\u30DF\u30CB\u30A2\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30EB\u306F\u5C0F\u3055\u3044\u3082\u306E\u304C\u591A\u304B\u3063\u305F\u305F\u3081\u3001\u300Cminute\uFF08\u5FAE\u7D30\u306A\uFF09\u300D\u306A\u3069\u304C\u8A9E\u6E90\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u8AA4\u89E3\u3055\u308C\u3001\u5C0F\u3055\u3044\u30B5\u30A4\u30BA\u306E\u30A4\u30E9\u30B9\u30C8\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u30DF\u30CB\u30A2\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30EB\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002\u30DF\u30CB\u30A2\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30EB\u306E\u7FFB\u8A33\u8A9E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7D30\u5BC6\u753B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73FE\u304C\u63A1\u7528\u3055\u308C\u305F\u306E\u3082\u3053\u308C\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "Iluminace (z latina|lat. iluminatio, osv\u011Btlen\u00ED, ozdoben\u00ED) je v\u00FDtvarn\u00FD, \u010Dasto barevn\u00FD obrazov\u00FD doprovod textu ve st\u0159edov\u011Bk\u00FDch rukopisech. P\u00EDsa\u0159 nejprve rozvrhl a nalinkoval str\u00E1nku, do \u0159\u00E1dk\u016F napsal text a na vhodn\u00FDch m\u00EDstech vynechal m\u00EDsto pro iluminace. \u010Clov\u011Bk, kter\u00FD kreslil iluminace, byl ilumin\u00E1tor."@cs . . . . . . "Iluminace"@cs . . . . . "Die Buchmalerei ist eine Kunstgattung, die sich mit der malerischen Gestaltung von B\u00FCchern und anderen Schriftwerken befasst. Der Begriff Buchmalerei umfasst im engeren Sinne alle Malereien in einem Buch, wird aber auch f\u00FCr zeichnerische Illustrationen verwendet. Die Gesamtheit an malerischem Buchschmuck, insbesondere bei einer Erg\u00E4nzung der Malereien durch Vergoldungen, wird auch Illumination genannt."@de . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30DF\u30CB\u30A2\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30EB"@ja . . . . . . . "Fatimid Ms court scene-large.jpg"@en . "Iluminace (z latina|lat. iluminatio, osv\u011Btlen\u00ED, ozdoben\u00ED) je v\u00FDtvarn\u00FD, \u010Dasto barevn\u00FD obrazov\u00FD doprovod textu ve st\u0159edov\u011Bk\u00FDch rukopisech. P\u00EDsa\u0159 nejprve rozvrhl a nalinkoval str\u00E1nku, do \u0159\u00E1dk\u016F napsal text a na vhodn\u00FDch m\u00EDstech vynechal m\u00EDsto pro iluminace. \u010Clov\u011Bk, kter\u00FD kreslil iluminace, byl ilumin\u00E1tor."@cs . . . . . . . . "2"^^ . . . . "Una miniatura \u00E8 la pittura ornamentale con cui venivano decorati i manoscritti e i libri antichi.In origine il termine aveva un significato pi\u00F9 ristretto: la miniatura era l'immagine realizzata per decorare le lettere iniziali dei capitoli in un manoscritto, tradizionalmente di colore rosso. Il termine deriva verosimilmente dal latino minium, un particolare minerale dal quale si ricavava il colore rosso. A partire dal XIV secolo, il diffondersi di illustrazioni di piccolo formato fece s\u00EC che il significato di \"miniatura\" passasse ad indicare dipinti, oggetti e forme di dimensioni ridotte."@it . . . . "Libropentra\u0135o"@eo . . . "Kitab al-Aghani 01.jpg"@en . "A miniature (from the Latin verb miniare, \"to colour with minium\", a red lead) is a small illustration used to decorate an ancient or medieval illuminated manuscript; the simple illustrations of the early codices having been miniated or delineated with that pigment. The generally small scale of such medieval pictures has led to etymological confusion with minuteness and to its application to small paintings, especially portrait miniatures, which did however grow from the same tradition and at least initially used similar techniques."@en . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064F\u0646\u064E\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064E\u0645\u064E\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062E\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0637. \u0648\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0634\u062A\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0648\u062A\u062A\u0648\u0627\u062C\u062F \u0623\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0645\u0646\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064A\u0632 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064A\u0627\u0636\u060C \u0648\u0647\u064A \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u062E\u0631\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060C \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 500 \u0639\u0627\u0645."@ar . . . . . . . . . . "A miniature (from the Latin verb miniare, \"to colour with minium\", a red lead) is a small illustration used to decorate an ancient or medieval illuminated manuscript; the simple illustrations of the early codices having been miniated or delineated with that pigment. The generally small scale of such medieval pictures has led to etymological confusion with minuteness and to its application to small paintings, especially portrait miniatures, which did however grow from the same tradition and at least initially used similar techniques. Apart from the Western, Byzantine and Armenian traditions, there is another group of Asian traditions, which is generally more illustrative in nature, and from origins in manuscript book decoration also developed into single-sheet small paintings to be kept in albums, which are also called miniatures, as the Western equivalents in watercolor and other mediums are not. These include Arabic miniatures, and their Persian, Mughal, Ottoman and other Indian offshoots."@en . . "Maqamat hariri.jpg"@en . . . . . . "Miniatura"@ca . "Miniatur (naskah beriluminasi)"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044E\u0440\u0430"@ru . . . . . . "Die Buchmalerei ist eine Kunstgattung, die sich mit der malerischen Gestaltung von B\u00FCchern und anderen Schriftwerken befasst. Der Begriff Buchmalerei umfasst im engeren Sinne alle Malereien in einem Buch, wird aber auch f\u00FCr zeichnerische Illustrationen verwendet. Die Gesamtheit an malerischem Buchschmuck, insbesondere bei einer Erg\u00E4nzung der Malereien durch Vergoldungen, wird auch Illumination genannt. Die Buchillustration der Antike kam zwischen dem 2. und dem 4. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert mit der Erfindung des gebundenen Codex auf, konnte jedoch auf eine bis ins 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. reichende Tradition bemalter Schriftrollen zur\u00FCckgreifen. Nach dem Untergang des R\u00F6mischen Reiches f\u00FChrte die byzantinische Buchmalerei das antike Erbe zwar mit Stilwandeln, im Wesentlichen jedoch in ungebrochener Tradition bis an das Ende des byzantinischen Reiches im 15. Jahrhundert weiter. Zum Einflussgebiet der byzantinischen Kunst z\u00E4hlten im Mittelalter gro\u00DFe Teile Vorderasiens, der Balkan, Russland und, mit Abstrichen, die Koptische Kunst. Im Abendland, also dem westlichen, lateinischen Europa, war die Buchmalerei hingegen von einem stetigen Stilwandel gepr\u00E4gt. Im Fr\u00FChen Mittelalter traten zun\u00E4chst die merowingische sowie die insulare Buchmalerei Irlands und Englands in Erscheinung. In der Karolingischen Kunst stand die Buchmalerei unter starkem byzantinischem Einfluss und ging anschlie\u00DFend in die ottonische Buchmalerei \u00FCber. Die Romanik war die erste Epoche, die regionale Malschulen durch verbindende Merkmale zu einem europ\u00E4ischen Stil vereinigte. Die Gotik setzte in Frankreich und England um 1160/1170 ein, w\u00E4hrend in Deutschland noch bis um 1300 romanische Formen dominant blieben. W\u00E4hrend der gesamten gotischen Epoche blieb Frankreich als f\u00FChrende Kunstnation bestimmend f\u00FCr die stilistischen Entwicklungen der Buchmalerei. In der Renaissance verlor die Buchmalerei aufgrund der Durchsetzung des Buchdrucks und druckgraphischer Verfahren an Bedeutung. Bis dahin stand sie gleichberechtigt neben der Tafel- und Wandmalerei. Moderne malerisch gestaltete B\u00FCcher werden \u00FCblicherweise nicht der Buchmalerei zugerechnet. Die islamische Buchkunst setzte im 11. Jahrhundert ein und wurde von zwei gegens\u00E4tzlichen Grundpositionen bestimmt: Einerseits ist der Islam eine Buchreligion, andererseits untersagt ein Bilderverbot fig\u00FCrliche Darstellungen, wenn auch der Koran das Verbot nicht direkt formuliert. Religi\u00F6se Werke beschr\u00E4nken sich deshalb auf prachtvolle Ornamentik und Kalligraphie. Obwohl das Verbot nach streng orthodoxer Sicht nicht auf die religi\u00F6se Sph\u00E4re beschr\u00E4nkt ist, findet sich im weltlichen Bereich \u00E4u\u00DFerst phantasiereiche figurale Malerei. Von Arabien ausgehend breitete sich die islamische Buchkunst nach Persien, Indien, in das Osmanische Reich und nach Spanien aus. Im pr\u00E4kolumbischen Amerika gab es eine eigene Buchmalereitradition, die nach der Eroberung S\u00FCd- und Mittelamerikas durch die Spanier noch eine Weile unter den Vorzeichen der christlichen Kolonisation weiterlebte. Heute sind nur noch wenige Azteken- und Maya-Codices erhalten."@de . . . "\u041C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0430\u0442\u044E\u0440\u0430 (\u0444\u0440. miniature, \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043B\u0430\u0442. minium \u2014 \u043C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0443\u0442, \u0441\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043A, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0443 \u043E\u0437\u0434\u043E\u0431\u043B\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0438) \u2014 \u0442\u0432\u0456\u0440 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0447\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043C\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0445, \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0442\u043D\u0456, \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E \u0442\u043E\u043D\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u0456\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0439."@uk . "En los manuscritos y libros ilustrados de la Edad Media, las miniaturas (del lat\u00EDn miniare,\u200B \u201Ccolorear con minia\u201D) o iluminaciones (del lat\u00EDn tard\u00EDo illuminatio)\u200B eran pinturas o dibujos de figuras, incluidas o no en escenas o composiciones, las cuales, en su caso, representaban diversos temas propios de su etapa hist\u00F3rica, como los temas de car\u00E1cter sacro, similares a los que llenaban los vitrales de las catedrales e iglesias en el arte rom\u00E1nico y en el primer arte g\u00F3tico."@es . "\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064F\u0646\u064E\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064E\u0645\u064E\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062E\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0637. \u0648\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0634\u062A\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u063A\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0648\u062A\u062A\u0648\u0627\u062C\u062F \u0623\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0645\u0646\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064A\u0632 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064A\u0627\u0636\u060C \u0648\u0647\u064A \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u062E\u0631\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062E\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060C \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 500 \u0639\u0627\u0645."@ar . . . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044E\u0440\u0430 (\u043E\u0442 \u043B\u0430\u0442. minium \u2014 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043A\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433) \u2014 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u044B\u0435, \u0441\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u043F\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0430\u043B\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0412 2020 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u042E\u041D\u0415\u0421\u041A\u041E \u043E\u0431\u044A\u044F\u0432\u0438\u043B\u043E \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044E\u0440\u044B \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0430, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430, \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u0448\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0438 \u043D\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044F \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Miniatura \u00E9s el nom que es donava, inicialment, a les il\u00B7lustracions realitzades manualment, amb les quals es complementava amb imatges la informaci\u00F3 dels llibres. Amb el desenvolupament de l'art del retrat durant el segle xvi, els retrats de mida redu\u00EFda varen rebre tamb\u00E9 aquesta denominaci\u00F3. La il\u00B7lustraci\u00F3 de llibres \u00E9s una pr\u00E0ctica molt antiga; de fet, el Llibre dels morts de l'antic Egipte, fou compost vers l'any 1900 aC, i constitueix l'exemple m\u00E9s antic tant de llibre com de llibre il\u00B7lustrat. Les miniatures en llibres podien ser nom\u00E9s decoracions dels marges de la p\u00E0gina, o de les lletres o ser composicions que ajudaven a comprendre una narraci\u00F3. Els artistes de les miniatures de l'antiguitat s\u00F3n autors desconeguts, mentre que en l'\u00E8poca que la miniatura-retrat va estar de moda, els autors van ser artistes molt valorats i coneguts. Amb l'aparici\u00F3 de la t\u00E8cnica de la impremta i de les imatges per estampaci\u00F3 l'\u00FAs de miniatures va caure en des\u00FAs."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044E\u0440\u0430 (\u043E\u0442 \u043B\u0430\u0442. minium \u2014 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043A\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433) \u2014 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u044B\u0435, \u0441\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u043F\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043C\u0430\u043B\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0412 2020 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u042E\u041D\u0415\u0421\u041A\u041E \u043E\u0431\u044A\u044F\u0432\u0438\u043B\u043E \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043C\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044E\u0440\u044B \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043D\u0430, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430, \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043A\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u0448\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0438 \u043D\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044F \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430."@ru . . "Libropentra\u0135o, foje nomata miniaturo (\u0109ar malgranda) a\u016D per neologismo enluminuro / ilumina\u0135o, estas manfarita desegno a\u016D pentrarta\u0135o, kiu ornamas a\u016D ilustras manuskriptan tekston. La neologisma termino venas de la vorto \"lumo\": \"enluminuri\", do estas meti lumon (latine: illuminare) en la tekston. \n* Ilustrata letero de (1485 - 1575) \n* Satiruso, en hispana Biblio de la 14-a jarcento \n* Tacuinum sanitatis de (1001 - 1066) Muzeo de Cluny \n* sankta Maria el la Biblio de Parka Abatejo (12-a jarcento)"@eo . . . "Miniatur (berasal dari bahasa Latin: minium, ) adalah ilustrasi kecil yang menghiasi naskah buatan Zaman Kuno atau Abad Pertengahan; ilustrasi-ilustrasi dalam kodeks-kodeks generasi perdana diwarnai dan dibingkai dengan pewarna merah yang terbuat dari timbal merah, sehingga kegiatan mewarnai ilustrasi disebut pula memerahkan (bahasa Latin: miniare) gambar. Ukuran gambar-gambar hiasan naskah buatan Abad Pertengahan yang umumnya kecil-kecil menyebabkan orang keliru menyangka bahwa istilah ini berarti \"berukuran kecil\" (bahasa Latin: minuta) atau \"memperkecil\" (bahasa Latin: minuare), sehingga menggunakannya sebagai sebutan bagi gambar-gambar berukuran kecil, khususnya , yang juga berasal dari tradisi seni rupa yang sama dan mula-mula dibuat dengan teknik-teknik yang sama. Selain tradisi-tradisi dunia Barat dan Bizantium, terdapat pula tradisi-tradisi miniatur Asia yang pada umumnya lebih bersifat ilustratif. Bermula sebagai hiasan naskah, gambar-gambar buatan Asia ini kelak berkembang menjadi gambar-gambar kecil pada satu halaman penuh untuk dikoleksi yang juga disebut miniatur, sementara gambar-gambar sejenis di dunia Barat yang dibuat dengan cat air dan sejumlah medium lain tidak disebut miniatur. Miniatur-miniatur Asia meliputi miniatur-miniatur buatan Persia, , Utsmaniyah, dan ."@in . . "Yahy\u00E2 ibn Mahm\u00FBd al-W\u00E2sit\u00EE 005.jpg"@en . . . . . "Miniatura \u00E9s el nom que es donava, inicialment, a les il\u00B7lustracions realitzades manualment, amb les quals es complementava amb imatges la informaci\u00F3 dels llibres. Amb el desenvolupament de l'art del retrat durant el segle xvi, els retrats de mida redu\u00EFda varen rebre tamb\u00E9 aquesta denominaci\u00F3. Amb l'aparici\u00F3 de la t\u00E8cnica de la impremta i de les imatges per estampaci\u00F3 l'\u00FAs de miniatures va caure en des\u00FAs."@ca . "Miniatura"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0430\u0442\u044E\u0440\u0430 (\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441)"@uk . . . . . . "Irakischer Maler von 1287 001.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . "400"^^ . . . . . "\uC138\uBC00\uD654\uB294 \uC138\uBC00\uD55C \uBB18\uBC95\uC73C\uB85C \uC81C\uC791\uB41C \uC18C\uD615\uC758 \uADF8\uB9BC\uC774\uB2E4. 16\uC138\uAE30 \uC601\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC720\uD589\uD55C \uBA54\uB2EC \uCD08\uC0C1\uD654, \uCE74\uB4DC\uC758 \uADF8\uB9BC, 18\uC138\uAE30 \uB85C\uCF54\uCF54\uC758 \uBD80\uC778\uC6A9 \uD654\uC7A5\uC6A9\uAD6C\uC5D0 \uADF8\uB9B0 \uADF8\uB9BC \uB4F1\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4. \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uBBF8\uB2C8\uC5B4\uCC98\uC758 \uC5ED\uC5B4(\u8B6F\u8A9E)\uB85C \uB9CE\uC774 \uC4F0\uC774\uB098, \uC0AC\uBCF8\uC744 \uC7A5\uC2DD\uD558\uB294 \uC0BD\uD654\uB098 \uC7A5\uC2DD\uD654\uB97C \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uB294 \uBBF8\uB2C8\uC5B4\uCC98\uC640 \uB9D0\uB73B\uC774 \uB2E4\uB974\uB2E4. \uBBF8\uB2C8\uC5B4\uCC98\uB294 16\uC138\uAE30 \uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4\uC758 \uBBF8\uB2C8\uBA48(minimum, \uCD5C\uC18C)\uC774\uB098 \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC5B4\uC758 \uBBF8\uB1FD(mignon, \uC18C\uD615\uC758, \uADC0\uC5EC\uC6B4)\uACFC \uACB0\uD569\uB418\uC5B4 \uC18C\uD654\uC0C1, \uBBF8\uC138\uD654 \uC989 \uC138\uBC00\uD654\uB77C\uB294 \uC758\uBBF8\uB97C \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uBB38\uC11C\uC5D0\uB294 \uB2E4\uC74C\uCEE4\uBBA4\uB2C8\uCF00\uC774\uC158(\uD604 \uCE74\uCE74\uC624)\uC5D0\uC11C GFDL \uB610\uB294 CC-SA \uB77C\uC774\uC120\uC2A4\uB85C \uBC30\uD3EC\uD55C \uAE00\uB85C\uBC8C \uC138\uACC4\uB300\uBC31\uACFC\uC0AC\uC804\uC758 \uB0B4\uC6A9\uC744 \uAE30\uCD08\uB85C \uC791\uC131\uB41C \uAE00\uC774 \uD3EC\uD568\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uC2B5\uB2C8\uB2E4."@ko . "Libropentra\u0135o, foje nomata miniaturo (\u0109ar malgranda) a\u016D per neologismo enluminuro / ilumina\u0135o, estas manfarita desegno a\u016D pentrarta\u0135o, kiu ornamas a\u016D ilustras manuskriptan tekston. La neologisma termino venas de la vorto \"lumo\": \"enluminuri\", do estas meti lumon (latine: illuminare) en la tekston. \n* Ilustrata letero de (1485 - 1575) \n* Satiruso, en hispana Biblio de la 14-a jarcento \n* Tacuinum sanitatis de (1001 - 1066) Muzeo de Cluny \n* sankta Maria el la Biblio de Parka Abatejo (12-a jarcento)"@eo . . . . "Miniature (illuminated manuscript)"@en . "1124109763"^^ . . . . "\u30DF\u30CB\u30A2\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30EB\uFF08\u4ECF\uFF1Aminiature\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u5F69\u753B\uFF08\u3055\u3044\u304C\uFF09\u30FB\u7D30\u5BC6\u753B\uFF08\u3055\u3044\u307F\u3064\u304C\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u53E4\u4EE3\u30FB\u4E2D\u4E16\u306E\u7D75\u4ED8\u304D\u5199\u672C\u306B\u53CE\u9332\u3055\u308C\u305F\u633F\u7D75\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u8A9E\u6E90\u306F\u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u8A9E\u306Eminium\uFF08\u925B\u4E39\uFF09\u3002\u521D\u671F\u306E\u5199\u672C\u306E\u8D64\u8272\u30A4\u30F3\u30AF\u306B\u925B\u4E39\u304C\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3061\u306A\u3080\u3002\u4E2D\u4E16\u306E\u30DF\u30CB\u30A2\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30EB\u306F\u5C0F\u3055\u3044\u3082\u306E\u304C\u591A\u304B\u3063\u305F\u305F\u3081\u3001\u300Cminute\uFF08\u5FAE\u7D30\u306A\uFF09\u300D\u306A\u3069\u304C\u8A9E\u6E90\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3068\u8AA4\u89E3\u3055\u308C\u3001\u5C0F\u3055\u3044\u30B5\u30A4\u30BA\u306E\u30A4\u30E9\u30B9\u30C8\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3066\u30DF\u30CB\u30A2\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30EB\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002\u30DF\u30CB\u30A2\u30C1\u30E5\u30FC\u30EB\u306E\u7FFB\u8A33\u8A9E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7D30\u5BC6\u753B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73FE\u304C\u63A1\u7528\u3055\u308C\u305F\u306E\u3082\u3053\u308C\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "Miniatura (iluminura)"@pt . "Miniatura"@eu . . . . . . "\u041C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0430\u0442\u044E\u0440\u0430 (\u0444\u0440. miniature, \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043B\u0430\u0442. minium \u2014 \u043C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0443\u0442, \u0441\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043A, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0443 \u043E\u0437\u0434\u043E\u0431\u043B\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0438) \u2014 \u0442\u0432\u0456\u0440 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0447\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043C\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0445, \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0442\u043D\u0456, \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u043E\u0449\u043E, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E \u0442\u043E\u043D\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043D\u0456\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0443\u043D\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0439."@uk . "Miniatur (berasal dari bahasa Latin: minium, ) adalah ilustrasi kecil yang menghiasi naskah buatan Zaman Kuno atau Abad Pertengahan; ilustrasi-ilustrasi dalam kodeks-kodeks generasi perdana diwarnai dan dibingkai dengan pewarna merah yang terbuat dari timbal merah, sehingga kegiatan mewarnai ilustrasi disebut pula memerahkan (bahasa Latin: miniare) gambar. Ukuran gambar-gambar hiasan naskah buatan Abad Pertengahan yang umumnya kecil-kecil menyebabkan orang keliru menyangka bahwa istilah ini berarti \"berukuran kecil\" (bahasa Latin: minuta) atau \"memperkecil\" (bahasa Latin: minuare), sehingga menggunakannya sebagai sebutan bagi gambar-gambar berukuran kecil, khususnya , yang juga berasal dari tradisi seni rupa yang sama dan mula-mula dibuat dengan teknik-teknik yang sama."@in . .