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Robert Jesse Stoller (Crestwood, Nueva York 15 de diciembre de 1924 - Los Ángeles, California 6 de septiembre de 1991), fue profesor estadounidense de psiquiatría en la Facultad de Medicina de la UCLA e investigador de la Clínica de Identidad de Género de la UCLA. Tuvo entrenamiento psicoanalítico en la Sociedad e Instituto Psicoanalítico de Los Ángeles de 1953 a 1961 con análisis de Hanna Fenichel. Fue autor de nueve libros, coautor de otros tres y editor de más de 115 artículos. Stoller murió en un accidente de tráfico cerca de su casa. Robert Stoller, né le 15 décembre 1925 à New York et mort le 6 septembre 1991 à Los Angeles, est un psychiatre et psychanalyste américain. Il exerçait comme psychanalyste et professeur de psychiatrie à Los Angeles. Robert Jesse Stoller (Bronxville, 15 dicembre 1924 – Los Angeles, 6 settembre 1991) è stato uno psichiatra e psicoanalista statunitense noto principalmente per le sue teorie riguardanti lo sviluppo dell'identità di genere e le dinamiche dell'eccitazione sessuale. Robert Jesse Stoller (* 15. Dezember 1925 in , New York; † 6. September 1991 in Pacific Palisades, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Psychiater und Psychoanalytiker. Er lehrte als Professor der Psychiatrie an der University of California, Los Angeles.Stoller ist bekannt für seine Theorien, die die Entwicklung der Geschlechtsidentität und die Dynamik der sexuellen Erregung betreffen. Robert Jesse Stoller (December 15, 1924 – September 6, 1991), was an American Professor of Psychiatry at UCLA Medical School and a researcher at the UCLA Gender Identity Clinic. He was born in Crestwood, New York, and died in Los Angeles, California. He had psychoanalytic training at the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute from 1953 to 1961 with analysis by Hanna Fenichel. He has been criticized for research into finding the cause of transgender identities with intent to prevent them, and later similar research he inspired. Stoller died in a traffic accident near his home in 1991.
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Robert Stoller, né le 15 décembre 1925 à New York et mort le 6 septembre 1991 à Los Angeles, est un psychiatre et psychanalyste américain. Il exerçait comme psychanalyste et professeur de psychiatrie à Los Angeles. Robert Jesse Stoller (December 15, 1924 – September 6, 1991), was an American Professor of Psychiatry at UCLA Medical School and a researcher at the UCLA Gender Identity Clinic. He was born in Crestwood, New York, and died in Los Angeles, California. He had psychoanalytic training at the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society and Institute from 1953 to 1961 with analysis by Hanna Fenichel. He has been criticized for research into finding the cause of transgender identities with intent to prevent them, and later similar research he inspired. He was the author of nine books, the co-author of three others, and the publisher of over 115 articles. Stoller is known for his theories concerning the development of gender identity, which he is credited as having coined in 1964. and the dynamics of sexual excitement. In 1958, Agnes Torres was referred to Stoller and Harold Garfinkel. At the time, Agnes was 17 years old and pretended to be intersex in order to receive gender confirming surgery. Years later, Stoller learned that Agnes was actually a transgender girl who had been stealing her mother's estrogen supplements since 12 years old. Upon learning this, Stoller recalled his paper's he'd written and retracted his earlier findings at the 1968 International Psychoanalytic Congress in Copenhagen. Research by Richard Green (sexologist), Stoller, and in 1966 revealed that most physicians and psychiatrists were opposed to gender confirming surgery, even if the patient had received years of psychotherapy and would probably be suicidal if denied surgery. In 1968, Stoller wrote Sex and Gender, where he hypothesized "The sense of core gender identity...is derived from three sources: the anatomy and physiology of the genitalia; the attitudes of parents, siblings and peers toward the child’s gender role; and a biological force that may more or less modify the attitudinal (environmental) forces." In it, he argued that should be utilized as a research technique but only offered to those termed "true transexuals", those who "had never been very feminine in childhood, had never lived acceptably in a masculine role, and who had not derived pleasure from their penis (p 251)." However, these criteria became widely influential and most patients would use the "winning psychosexual history", as therapy shifted from analysis of transgender people to a stepping stone to transition. In the same book, Stoller endorsed conversion therapy targeted towards children, "The condition is pathological....If these boys are the adult transsexuals of future years, with their demands for sex transformation procedures and the reportedly hopeless prognosis for psychiatric treatment, then the time to help them is in childhood, when their gender identity is still forming....The goal of treatment should be to make the child feel that he is a male and wants to be a masculine boy....The first step in treatment is to establish that one is in fact dealing with a childhood transsexual. Next one must start treatment immediately. If one waits until five or six or seven, the undoing is more difficult." In 1972, Green, Newman, and Stoller published Treatment of Boyhood "Transsexualism" , which detailed attempts to prevent young children from growing up to be transgender based on the observation that attempts to change gender failed in older children. The treatment involved having the parents discourage feminine behavior and making sure they don't inadvertently encourage it, having the father take a more active role in the child's life as a masculine role model, and having the mother not be "overly close" with the child. In 2010, Green published "Robert Stoller’s Sex and Gender: 40 Years On" in the Archives of Sexual Behavior, which analyzed the contributions of the book and his research overall in the field of transgender healthcare. In his most notable contribution, Perversion (1975), Stoller attempts to illuminate the dynamics of sexual perversion and normalize it. Stoller suggests that perversion inevitably entails an expression of unconscious aggression in the form of revenge against a person who, in early years, made some form of threat to the child's core gender identity, either in the form of overt trauma or through the frustrations of the Oedipal conflict. In Sexual Excitement (1979), Stoller finds the same perverse dynamics at work in all sexual excitement on a continuum from overt aggression to subtle fantasy. In focusing on the unconscious fantasy, and not the behavior, Stoller provides a way of analyzing the mental dynamics of sexuality, what he terms "erotics," while simultaneously de-emphasizing the pathology of any particular form of behavior. Stoller does not consider homosexuality as a monolithic behavior but rather as a range of sexual styles as diverse as heterosexuality. Many of Stoller's books, like Splitting (1973), are devoted to the documentation of the interviews on which he based his research. Stoller died in a traffic accident near his home in 1991. Robert Jesse Stoller (Bronxville, 15 dicembre 1924 – Los Angeles, 6 settembre 1991) è stato uno psichiatra e psicoanalista statunitense noto principalmente per le sue teorie riguardanti lo sviluppo dell'identità di genere e le dinamiche dell'eccitazione sessuale. Robert Jesse Stoller (Crestwood, Nueva York 15 de diciembre de 1924 - Los Ángeles, California 6 de septiembre de 1991), fue profesor estadounidense de psiquiatría en la Facultad de Medicina de la UCLA e investigador de la Clínica de Identidad de Género de la UCLA. Tuvo entrenamiento psicoanalítico en la Sociedad e Instituto Psicoanalítico de Los Ángeles de 1953 a 1961 con análisis de Hanna Fenichel. Fue autor de nueve libros, coautor de otros tres y editor de más de 115 artículos. Stoller es conocido por sus teorías sobre el desarrollo de la identidad de género y la dinámica de la excitación sexual. En Sex and Gender (1968), Stoller articula un desafío a la creencia de Freud en la bisexualidad biológica. Basándose en su extensa investigación con transexuales y en nuevos avances en la ciencia del sexo, Stoller avanza su creencia en "Feminidad primaria", la orientación inicial de ambos tejidos biológicos y la identificación psicológica hacia el desarrollo femenino. Esta fase temprana, no conflictiva, contribuye a una identidad de género femenina central tanto en niños como en niñas a menos que haya una fuerza masculina para interrumpir la relación simbiótica con la madre. Stoller identifica tres componentes en la formación de la identidad de género central, un sentido innato e inmutable de masculinidad o feminidad generalmente consolidado para el segundo año de vida: * Influencias biológicas y hormonales; * Asignación de sexo en el nacimiento, e * Influencias ambientales y psicológicas con efectos similares a la impronta. Stoller afirma que las amenazas a la identidad de género central son como amenazas para sentirse a sí mismo y resultar en las defensas conocidas como las perversiones. En su contribución más notable, Perversión (1975), Stoller intenta iluminar la dinámica de la perversión sexual que él lucha valientemente para normalizar. Stoller sugiere que la perversión inevitablemente implica una expresión de agresión inconsciente en forma de venganza contra una persona que, en los primeros años, hizo alguna forma de amenaza a la identidad de género central del niño, ya sea en forma de trauma manifiesto o por las frustraciones del Conflicto edípico. En Sexual Excitement (1979), Stoller encuentra la misma dinámica perversa en el trabajo en toda excitación sexual en un continuo que va desde la agresión abierta a la fantasía sutil. Al centrarse en la fantasía inconsciente, y no en el comportamiento, Stoller proporciona una forma de analizar la dinámica mental de la sexualidad, lo que él llama "erótica", mientras que al mismo tiempo deja de enfatizar la patología de cualquier forma particular de comportamiento. Stoller no considera la homosexualidad como un comportamiento monolítico, sino más bien como una gama de estilos sexuales tan diversos como la heterosexualidad. Menos conocida es la contribución de Stoller para hacer del psicoanálisis una herramienta de investigación legítima a través de la publicación de los datos del analista: notas literales y transcripciones de entrevistas. Stoller combina el trabajo del etnógrafo y el analista como un medio para producir datos psicológicos científicamente válidos. Muchos de los libros de Stoller, como Splitting (1973), están dedicados a la documentación de las entrevistas en las que basó su investigación. Stoller murió en un accidente de tráfico cerca de su casa. Robert Jesse Stoller (* 15. Dezember 1925 in , New York; † 6. September 1991 in Pacific Palisades, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Psychiater und Psychoanalytiker. Er lehrte als Professor der Psychiatrie an der University of California, Los Angeles.Stoller ist bekannt für seine Theorien, die die Entwicklung der Geschlechtsidentität und die Dynamik der sexuellen Erregung betreffen.
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