| has abstract
| - El Plan de Agua Prieta es un manifiesto redactado en la Revolución mexicana en contra del entonces presidente Venustiano Carranza. En dicho plan, proclamado por Plutarco Elías Calles el 23 de abril de 1920 en la ciudad de Agua Prieta, se desconoció al Poder Ejecutivo Federal, encabezado por Venustiano Carranza, junto con el de algunos estados partidarios del régimen liberal. Fue secundado por otros gobernadores y generales de la antigua División del Noroeste para dar cimiento a un nuevo movimiento, conocido como Rebelión de Agua Prieta, que se expandiría exitosamente. Este culminó con la realización de elecciones y la instauración de un nuevo gobierno constitucional. (es)
- The Plan of Agua Prieta (Spanish: Plan de Agua Prieta) was a manifesto, or plan, that articulated the reasons for rebellion against the government of Venustiano Carranza. Three revolutionary generals from Sonora, Álvaro Obregón, Plutarco Elías Calles, and Adolfo de la Huerta, often called the Sonoran Triumvirate, or the Sonoran Dynasty, rose in revolt against the civilian government Carranza. It was proclaimed by Obregón on 22 April 1920, in English and 23 April in Spanish in the northern border city of Agua Prieta, Sonora. The Plan's stated pretext for rejecting the Carranza administration was a dispute between the federal government and the Sonora state government over control of the waters of the Sonora river, although the underlying reasons were complex. Carranza and the revolutionary generals who controlled the state of Sonora were increasingly in conflict. Carranza's most successful general, Obregón, had retired from Carranza's cabinet, returning to Sonora to run his prosperous farm, but had political ambitions to run for president in the 1920 elections. He received no encouragement from Carranza, and announced his candidacy which included a disparaging assessment of Carranza. Carranza sought a candidate from Sonora to back instead. The state governor, Adolfo de la Huerta, was not interested. Carranza chose Ignacio Bonillas, a civilian who served as Mexico's Ambassador to the U.S. Although Bonillas was a skilled diplomat and the relationship with the U.S. was crucial, Bonillas was a virtual unknown in revolutionary Mexico. He did not have a military record in the Mexican Revolution, and critics saw the choice as a way that Carranza could continue to wield power even though no longer president of Mexico. Carranza was in the process of centralizing power and saw Sonora as too independent of central government control and moved to curtail its autonomy. Such a move, coupled with his attempt to impose a civilian as his successor, aroused the ire of revolutionary generals. They saw Carranza's maneuvering as trying to outflank the men who had won the Mexican Revolution and were not willing to allow a civilian nobody to come to power in 1920. The Plan of Agua Prieta outlined a series of charges against the Carranza regime, to articulate their grievances in written form to be distributed and to rally others to join their cause. De la Huerta, Calles and Salvador Alvarado were the key authors of the plan. The rebellion in Sonora predated the Plan by a few days. The rebellion was joined by the governor of Michoacan, General Pascual Ortiz Rubio, and the governor of Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada. Signing on to the Plan, once it was issued, were Luis L. León, General Ángel Flores, General Francisco R. Manzo, General Francisco R. Serrano, and Col. Abelardo L. Rodríguez, later to become President of Mexico. Sonora withdrew its support from Carranza's federal government; the plan also refused to recognize the results of local elections in the states of Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, Querétaro, and Tamaulipas, and the governor of the state of Nayarit. It offered to refrain from entering into combat with the authorities, provided that they refrained from attacking the Liberal Constitutionalist Army, headed by Adolfo de la Huerta, at the time governor of Sonora. Others joined as well, including Lázaro Cárdenas of Michoacan, who had served under Calles in the Revolution, and held a command in Veracruz state at the time. Only after the plan was issued did Obregón sign on to it. The plan empowered De la Huerta to appoint interim governors in those states that aligned with or were defeated by the Liberal Constitutionalist Army. It called on the state governments to appoint representatives to a junta, which would then select an interim President of the Republic. The interim president would, immediately upon assuming office, call a fresh general election. Support for the Plan was widespread across the country: more than three-quarters of the Army rejected Carranza and joined the rebellion. As De la Huerta's Liberal Constitutionalist Army made rapid progress toward Mexico City, Carranza refused to negotiate or surrender and fled the capital by train in May 1920, headed for the port of Veracruz, where he intended to set up a temporary seat of government as he had earlier during the Revolution. The train was attacked repeatedly as it left the capital and, arriving at Aljibes, Puebla, was unable to continue because of sabotage to the tracks. In addition, Carranza then learned that the military commander of Veracruz, Gen. Guadalupe Sánchez, had gone over to the rebels. Carranza and a small group of followers were forced to change plans: they would head north on horseback, perhaps to Carranza's home state of Coahuila, where his support might be stronger. On horseback they began a crossing of the Sierra Norte, and, on 20 May, reached the town of Tlaxcalantongo, Puebla. A rebel ambush in the early hours of 21 May 1920, reputedly led by Gen. Rodolfo Herrero, left President Carranza dead, either assassinated by the rebels or by suicide. Adolfo de la Huerta was appointed interim president. He served from 1 June to 30 November 1920, and was succeeded by Álvaro Obregón, who was elected the constitutional president in September 1920. (en)
- Het Plan van Agua Prieta (Spaans: Plan de Agua Prieta) was een manifest opgesteld door generaal Plutarco Elías Calles op 12 april 1920, waarin hij opriep tot het omverwerpen van president Venustiano Carranza. Het plan werd opgesteld in de stad Agua Prieta in de deelstaat Sonora. De officiële aanleiding voor het plan was een kwestie over de soevereiniteit over de . Calles hield vol dat de staat Sonora hier over ging terwijl Carranza meende dat het onder de federale regering viel. In werkelijkheid speelden andere redenen mee. Veel politici en officieren waren al geruime tijd ontevreden met de regering van Carranza. Nadat deze de onbekende Ignacio Bonillas aanwees tot zijn opvolger was voor velen de maat vol. Ook speelden de persoonlijke machtsambities van Calles en Álvaro Obregón, die na dit plan president zou worden, een rol. Het plan riep op tot het aftreden van Carranza, van gouverneurs die aan de zijde van Carranza stonden en tot het installeren van Adolfo de la Huerta, gouverneur van Sonora, als president, die dan nieuwe verkiezingen uit zou schrijven. De opstand was een groot succes. Onder anderen Pablo González, Fausto Topete, Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Abelardo Luján Rodríguez, José Gonzalo Escobar, Heliodoro Charis, Salvador Alvarado, Jacinto B. Treviño, Manuel Peláez, Gildardo Magaña en Benjamín G. Hill verklaarden hun steun aan het plan. Carranza trad af en poogde het land te ontvluchten, maar werd onderweg vermoord. Het plan van Agua Prieta was de laatste succesvolle gewapende machtsovername in de geschiedenis van Mexico. Het plan van Agua Prieta vormde het begin van de zogenaamde 'Sonoraanse dynastie', die Mexico het volgende decennium zou regeren. (nl)
- O Plano de Agua Prieta foi um manifesto redigido durante a Revolução Mexicana contra o então presidente Venustiano Carranza. Proclamado por Plutarco Elías Calles em 23 de abril de 1920 na cidade de Agua Prieta, no estado de Sonora, de onde Obregón era originário, nele se repudiava o governo de Carranza. Foi apoiado desde o início por outros generais de brigada da Divisão do Noroeste, como e . O pretexto para o repúdio do governo de Carranza foi uma disputa entre a Federação e o governos sonorense pelo domínio sobre o rio Sonora. O plano, além de não reconhecer o governo de Venustiano Carranza, não reconhecia qualquer um dos representantes populares eleitos nos estados de Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, Querétaro e Tamaulipas, assim como o governador constitucional do estado de Nayarit. Propunha-se não combater as autoridades, desde que estas não hostilizassem o Exército Constitucionalista Liberal, liderado por Adolfo de la Huerta, então governador de Sonora. Devido a este plano, Adolfo de la Huerta, teve a faculdade de nomear governadores interinos nos estados onde o Exército Constitucionalista Liberal os havia derrubado ou não reconhecido. Elías Calles e os sublevados que apoiaram o plando de Agua Prieta fizeram um apelo aos governos dos estados para que nomeassem representantes para um encontro, durante o qual seria nomeado o presidente interino da república. Este chefe de estado provisório, por seu aldo, deveria convocar eleições gerais assim que tomasse o poder. Por todo o país surgiram manifestações de apoio ao movimento de Agua Prieta, e mais de três quartos do exército virou costas a Carranza, juntando-se aos sublevados. Estes avançaram rapidamente em direção ao centro do país, e Venustiano Carranza negou-se a negociar ou render, pelo que se viu obrigado a abandonar a Cidade do México; nos primeiros dias de maio de 1920 saiu desta cidade com o propósito de instalar o seu governo em Veracruz, numa imensa caravana de 60 comboios, mas não o conseguiu. A caravana viu-se atacada por todos os lados, tendo o primeiro ataque ocorrido na vila de Guadalupe nos arredores da Cidade do México; a viagem prosseguiu mas à custa de combates contínuos contra os insurrectos até que na estação de , em Puebla, o comboio foi novamente atacado e não foi possível continuar a viagem pois a linha férrea havia sido arrancada, além de que ali mesmo Carranza inteirou-se de que o chefe da guarnição de Veracruz, que o esperava para protegê-lo no porto, o general já se havia juntado aos sublevados. Sem outra escapatória, Carranza e alguns dos seus partidários, entre eles o general , , Secretário do Interior; , o seu candidato à presidência e outros, protegidos pela pequena força do general , pois o Secretário da Guerra, general ordenou à reduzida escolta restante e ao Colégio Militar que ficassem para trás para cobrir a sua retirada. O plano de Carranza era tentar alcançar o norte do país, em particular o seu estado, Coahuila, onde pensava ter partidários, crendo poder contar com as forças de políticos como , cacique serrano, que recentemente havia aceitado a amnistia que o governo oferecera aos insurrectos. Empreenderam a retirada a cavalo pela e em 20 de maio desse ano, chegaram ao pequeno povoado de , Puebla. Ali pretenderam passar a noite, mas Herrero retirou-se passado pouco tempo sob um qualquer pretexto e nas primeiras horas de 21 de maio de 1920 uma pequena força obregonista atacou o povoado e as cabanas onde dormiam Carranza e os seus correlegionários. Segundo a mais confiável de duas versões, Carranza foi atingido com pelos menos duas balas e morreu desses ferimentos, ainda que outras versões revisionistas considerem que vendo-se ferido e sem fuga possível, o próprio Carranza disparou sobre si mesmo. O triunfo da rebelião de Agua Prieta significou a ascensão da burguesia sonorense à direção do estado mexicano, a qual impulsou várias reformas para consolidar-se no poder e manter-se à frente do governo; Adolfo de la Huerta foi designado presidente provisório do México entre 1 de junho e 30 de novembro de 1920. (pt)
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