Balloonist theory was a theory in early neuroscience that attempted to explain muscle movement by asserting that muscles contract by inflating with air or fluid. The Greek physician Galen believed that muscles contracted due to a fluid flowing into them, and for 1500 years afterward, it was believed that nerves were hollow and that they carried fluid. René Descartes, who was interested in hydraulics and used fluid pressure to explain various aspects of physiology such as the reflex arc, proposed that "animal spirits" flowed into muscle and were responsible for their contraction. In the model, which Descartes used to explain reflexes, the spirits would flow from the ventricles of the brain, through the nerves, and to the muscles to animate the latter.
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| - نظرية المنطاد (ar)
- Balloonist theory (en)
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| - نظرية المنطاد هي نظرية في بدايات العلوم العصبية حاولت شرح حركة العضلات عن طريق التأكيد أن العضلات تنقبض من خلال الانتفاخ بالهواء أو السوائل. كان الطبيب اليوناني جالينوس يعتقد أن العضلات تتقلص بسبب تدفق السوائل عليها، بعد 1500 سنة، كان يُعتَقَد أن الأعصاب جوفاء وتحمل السوائل. رينيه ديكارت -الذي كان مهتما بالهيدروليكية واستخدم ضغط السائل لتفسير مختلف جوانب علم وظائف الأعضاء مثل القوس الانعكاسي- اقترح أن «الأرواح الحيوانية» تتدفق إلى العضلات وهي المسؤولة عن الانكماش. في نموذج ديكارت الذي استخدمه لشرح ردود الفعل، الأرواح تتدفق من بطينات الدماغ من خلال الأعصاب إلى العضلات لتحريكها. (ar)
- Balloonist theory was a theory in early neuroscience that attempted to explain muscle movement by asserting that muscles contract by inflating with air or fluid. The Greek physician Galen believed that muscles contracted due to a fluid flowing into them, and for 1500 years afterward, it was believed that nerves were hollow and that they carried fluid. René Descartes, who was interested in hydraulics and used fluid pressure to explain various aspects of physiology such as the reflex arc, proposed that "animal spirits" flowed into muscle and were responsible for their contraction. In the model, which Descartes used to explain reflexes, the spirits would flow from the ventricles of the brain, through the nerves, and to the muscles to animate the latter. (en)
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| - نظرية المنطاد هي نظرية في بدايات العلوم العصبية حاولت شرح حركة العضلات عن طريق التأكيد أن العضلات تنقبض من خلال الانتفاخ بالهواء أو السوائل. كان الطبيب اليوناني جالينوس يعتقد أن العضلات تتقلص بسبب تدفق السوائل عليها، بعد 1500 سنة، كان يُعتَقَد أن الأعصاب جوفاء وتحمل السوائل. رينيه ديكارت -الذي كان مهتما بالهيدروليكية واستخدم ضغط السائل لتفسير مختلف جوانب علم وظائف الأعضاء مثل القوس الانعكاسي- اقترح أن «الأرواح الحيوانية» تتدفق إلى العضلات وهي المسؤولة عن الانكماش. في نموذج ديكارت الذي استخدمه لشرح ردود الفعل، الأرواح تتدفق من بطينات الدماغ من خلال الأعصاب إلى العضلات لتحريكها. في عام 1667، اقترح توماس ويليس أن العضلات قد تتوسع عن طريق حدوث تفاعل بين الأرواح الحيوانية والأرواح الحيوية، وافترض أن هذا التفاعل من شأنه أن يُنتِج الهواء بطريقة مماثلة للتفاعل الذي يسبب انفجارا، مما يؤدي إلى انتفاخ العضلات وإنتاج الحركة. (ar)
- Balloonist theory was a theory in early neuroscience that attempted to explain muscle movement by asserting that muscles contract by inflating with air or fluid. The Greek physician Galen believed that muscles contracted due to a fluid flowing into them, and for 1500 years afterward, it was believed that nerves were hollow and that they carried fluid. René Descartes, who was interested in hydraulics and used fluid pressure to explain various aspects of physiology such as the reflex arc, proposed that "animal spirits" flowed into muscle and were responsible for their contraction. In the model, which Descartes used to explain reflexes, the spirits would flow from the ventricles of the brain, through the nerves, and to the muscles to animate the latter. In 1667, Thomas Willis proposed that muscles may expand by the reaction of animal spirits with vital spirits. He hypothesized that this reaction would produce air in a manner similar to the reaction that causes an explosion, causing muscles to swell and produce movement.This theory has now been superseded by the mainstream scientific community due to the establishment of neuroscience, which is supported by empirical evidence. (en)
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